Debunking Baseball Savant. Why Cal would be on Pace to Break Judge’s 62 if he Played at Yankee Stadium

Updated September 3rd

Part 1: The Physics of Carry Distance

Continuation of Previous article: https://www.grandsalamitime.com/the-grand-salami-times/blog-post-title-one-9dtl7

For the past ten years, my friends and I have kept up a tradition: an annual golf trip with a rotating cast of 16 friends—some from high school, some from college, and others we've picked up along the way. Most years, we stick to courses around the Seattle area, but a few years back our self-appointed golf commissioner decided to mix things up and take us to Denver for what he dubbed The Denver Open. The pitch? Chicks dig the long ball (Please note the Greg Maddux and Tom Glavine reference)

That year at Red Rocks (Denver), the buzz was real. Drives that typically maxed out at 230 yards back home were suddenly rolling past 300. Everyone was hitting career bests. Between the thin air, hot weather, and those firm, dry fairways, the ball was carrying—and rolling—like never before. It was the first time we truly felt the science of elevation at work.

The analysis I will illustrate revisits and builds upon the foundational work from this 2009 analysis by Dr. Alan M. Nathan: https://baseball.physics.illinois.edu/carry.html, that explored the concept of “carry” in Major League Baseball—specifically, how atmospheric conditions like air density, wind, temperature, and elevation affect the distance a baseball travels. That original study helped define carry as the ratio of a batted ball's actual distance to its projected distance in a vacuum, and highlighted key environmental differences across ballparks, such as the notably increased carry in Denver due to high altitude.

In updating this analysis with data from the 2025 season, I found many of the same trends still hold true today. While modern tracking systems like Statcast have provided even more precise trajectory data, the underlying physics remain consistent. Atmospheric conditions—including temperature and elevation—continue to play a significant role in ball carry, and we still observe clear park-to-park variability. Notably, Denver still leads in normalized carry, while parks like Cleveland remain on the lower end of the spectrum.

That same science helps explain why baseballs fly farther in some parks than others—and why a slugger like Cal Raleigh might actually be on pace beat Aaron judge’s AL record 62 HRs if he played in the same stadium.

Ranked Ballparks based on Distance per Similar Contact

Below are the top-ranked home team stadiums to hit in, based on a metric I calculated: Distance divided by Launch Velocity. By grouping this metric into Launch Angle tiers, we can isolate similar bat contact conditions and determine which locations yield the most distance. In this setup, the primary remaining variable is the game's location.

(Note: the table is sorted based on the 30 degree - 33 degree launch angle tiers)

The Colorado Rockies rank 1st for almost every launch angle tier on Distance Hit per Exit Velocity. Ranked near the bottom are teams closer to sea level or colder spring weather such as the Seattle Mariners, Red Sox, St Louis Cardinals, and Tampa Bay Rays

From the chart above, it's clear that the Colorado Rockies have a significant advantage in hitting distance compared to teams like the Mariners, Red Sox, Rays—and really, most of MLB. Now that we've established that Rockies hitters benefit from their environment while Mariners hitters may be at a disadvantage... let’s dig a little deeper. After all, when you look at the data, it’s not hard to see why the Mariners had such slim odds of landing Ohtani over the Dodgers.

The scatter plot on the left represents the 2025 MLB Balls in Play. the large dots are the Colorado Rockies, while the small tiny dots are batted balls by other teams.

The red dots represent any batted ball that has an above average hit with Distance Travelled / Launch Velocity.

The main takeaway from this view is simply the Colorado Rockies have a lot of red dots! This means the ball goes further than most.

Location Factor Ratios (Distance Hit)

Below is the calculated Location Factors based on the analysis. Mariners are set to 1.000 as I am using them as the baseline for this analysis. As you can see by the chart below, the balls hit in Colorado travel roughly 9% further than the balls in Seattle.

Since this article is about how many Home Runs Cal Raleigh would hit in New York, we see a roughly 2-3% distance improvement from 30-39 degree launch angles at Yankee Stadium. The Mets have a very similar increase as well.

One ballpark that continues to rank near the bottom in terms of carry is Seattle’s T-Mobile Park, home of the Mariners. The consistently poor carry values here suggest that Seattle presents one of the toughest environments in MLB for hitting home runs. There are several plausible reasons for this:

  • Cool, humid climate: Seattle has relatively cool temperatures during much of the baseball season, especially early in the year. Cooler air is denser, which increases drag and reduces ball carry.

  • Humidity and marine air: Despite the common misconception that humid air is denser, in colder climates like Seattle, moist marine air can still feel heavy due to lower temperatures and increased water vapor absorption at low altitudes.

  • Low elevation: Seattle sits near sea level, meaning balls don’t benefit from the altitude-assisted travel seen in parks like Denver or even Phoenix.

  • Prevailing winds: Wind patterns in the Pacific Northwest may also play a role, often not favoring hitters—though this is more variable and requires directional spray angle analysis for deeper insight.

The similarities between the 2009 article and today’s data emphasize how consistently environment shapes the game, even as equipment and player training evolve. This updated work reaffirms the value of incorporating climate and location into ballpark analysis and highlights the importance of looking beyond raw home run totals when evaluating hitter performance.



Part 2: Debunking baseball Savant’s xHR

When analytics baseball fans and stat geeks (like me) want to know how many HRs Cal Raleigh or any other player would have in any other ballpark, they often go to baseball Savant owned by MLB. You can find stats like xHR which tells you how many HR a player would have in a standardized/ equal playing field, and it even tells you how many of players HR would happen if they played all their games at Yankee Stadium. I am here to to debunk some of the data and share with you a much more detailed and precise approach to determine… “How Many HR would Cal Raleigh Have if he played at Yankee Stadium”.

Baseball Savant being run by MLB has the credibility and trust of baseball fans. However, you must question why Baseball Savant has Cal Raleigh’s xHR -7.8 HR less than his actual HR… Meaning Cal Raleigh would only have about 43 HR instead of 51 at an average MLB ball park. This seems to be counterintuitive because T-Mobile park is often considered one of the hardest ballparks to hit in, as it is known for it’s colder “Marine Layer” Climate… So let’s do the crazy… let’s debunk baseball savant with real data.

Confusion and Contradiction in Baseball Savant Data

When Baseball Savant says Cal Raleigh would only have 42 HR if he played at Yankee Stadium (43 at average MLB stadium) instead of 51, it is a real head scratcher to me considering their website has Yankee Stadium as the 3rd easier place to hit a HR according to their park factor leaderboard (link below). The Mariners on the other hand are ranked 20th most difficult place to hit a HR according to their website.

https://baseballsavant.mlb.com/leaderboard/statcast-park-factors?type=year&year=2025&batSide=&stat=index_wOBA&condition=All&rolling=3&parks=mlb

Baseball Savant calculates expected home runs (xHR) by accounting for field dimensions, wall heights, and environmental conditions. What I want to zero in on are those “environmental factors” — which Savant itself defines as: ‘everything else not otherwise captured, like humidity, wind patterns, etc.’ In other words, a broad catchall category. Baseball Savant has larger market teams like New York, Boston, and Chicago as having very negative environmental factor scores, while Seattle has a positive… Essentially making it so instead of Seattle being at the very bottom of their list as places with the most distance impact, we have Boston, NY, and Chicago.

This matters because if New York is modeled as having tougher weather and air density than Seattle, it implies that Cal Raleigh’s HRs in Seattle might not travel as far in New York. Conversely, Aaron Judge’s homers could carry further in Seattle than they do in the Bronx. Baseball Savant gives Cal Raleigh an underwhelming xHR due to our differences in calculating location factors.

In our own Grand Salami Time analysis, we also ranked those cities near the bottom in terms of ball carry, though not dead last. Seattle, in fact, came out as the stadium where the ball traveled the least distance across all MLB parks—while Savant had it 23rd. That discrepancy is worth exploring.

https://baseballsavant.mlb.com/leaderboard/statcast-park-factors?type=distance&year=2024&batSide=&stat=index_wOBA&condition=All&rolling=3&parks=mlb

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I decided to look at the same formula I had earlier: Distance / Exit Velocity for the exact same Exit Velocities baseball savant uses for their analysis: 90+ MPH Exit Velo, launch angle (24-32 MPH), and similar 0-24 degrees (I looked from Left Center to Right Center). My goal is to get the most apples to apples comparison to understand if baseball savant is really on to something. Do baseballs in NY really fly further than cold and wet Seattle? Here are the results we calculated:

Trying to get apples to apples comparison with baseball savant, Our data shows balls at Yankee Stadium travel 1.7% further than Seattle (1% further if you look at LC to RC instead of CF only). I would be curious how Baseball Savant is calculating that balls in NY travel further, because I am seeing different results when looking at similar criteria.

Final Thoughts on Baseball Savant

I love Baseball Savant — the depth and accessibility of their data are incredible, and I check the site almost daily to explore player performance and context. That said, no metric is perfect. Savant themselves state that their park/environmental factors are based only on balls hit to center field. That’s a major limitation, since the vast majority of home runs are pulled to left or right. Even with their own criteria, we were seeing balls in NY traveling slightly further than Seattle.

I’m not claiming Grand Salami Time’s method is flawless either, but we share every step of our process so you can see exactly how we arrive at our numbers. With that in mind, do you really believe Cal Raleigh would lose eight home runs in Yankee Stadium — a park with a significantly shorter porch in right field? Sometimes you have to question the data or if the results make sense.

Based on our analysis we have the below T-Mobile warning track flyout on August 5th as a “would be” HR at Yankee Stadium… I am somewhat surprised Baseball Savant does not have this fly ball as a HR in any ballpark in MLB…. Not even at Yankee Stadium during a hot 86 degree day.

In the above chart, the teal/green color represents HRs at Yankee Stadium. The flyout on August 5th would have landed in the Teal section with location factor.

PART 3 - Recalculating Cal’s Home Run Pace at Yankee Stadium

Cal Raleigh has hit 51 home runs so far this season—26 on the road and 25 at T-Mobile Park. But how many might he have if he played his home games at Yankee Stadium, where Aaron Judge hit 62 homers just three seasons ago?

This analysis breaks it down in three steps:

1) T-Mobile Park Spray Chart Visualization… His Actual Results
We start with a full spray chart of all Raleigh’s home runs and near-misses, giving a visual sense of how his power plays across different parts T-Mobile Park.

2) Yankee Stadium Overlay
Next, we re-map those same batted balls using the dimensions of Yankee Stadium, with a focus on its famously short right-field porch.

3) Location Factor Adjustment
Finally, we apply a +2.7% location factor to account for the ball generally carrying farther in New York than in Seattle—based on average atmospheric effects like temperature, elevation, and humidity.

Together, these charts provide a reasonable estimate of how many more home runs Raleigh might have in a more hitter-friendly environment.



1) Cal Raleigh Actual Hit Chart at T-Mobile

25 Home Runs at T-Mobile Park (51 Total) - Projected 59 Home Runs for the season

Cal has 25 HRs at T-Mobile (Green Dots), albeit, there are another 15 near HRs that were either Hits (yellow) or Flyouts (red)

2) Cal Raleigh Actual Hit Chart at T-Mobile vs Yankee Stadium Dimensions

T-Mobile Park Dimensions: 25 HRs (51 Total)

Yankee Stadium Dimensions: 27 HRs (53 Total)…. Projected 62

3) Cal Raleigh HRs if Playing at Yankee Stadium with Location Factor (+2.7% Seattle —> New York)

T-Mobile Park Dimensions: 25 HRs (51 Total)

Yankee Stadium Dimensions: ~30 HRs (56 Total)… Projected 65 Home Runs for the full Season

Let’s pretend Yankee Stadium was transported to Seattle and T-Mobile Park did not exist. If Cal played on a Home Field with the dimensions of Yankee Stadium he would have 2 additional HR this season.

He had roughly 5 HRs toward right that were warning track at T-Mobile that likely would have gone out with Yankee Stadium Dimensions… However, he had three HRs to left field that were possible just doubles or outs at Yankee Stadium (Net of 2 additional HRs).

This hypothetical places Cal playing home games at Yankee stadium with location factor. Based on the analysis, Cal would have an additional 5 home runs so far this season playing at Yankee Stadium (assuming location factor)

In the final chart, we added an additional 2.7% distance to each ball hit by Cal to account for the New York Climate and slightly warmer weather (vs Seattle). If you count, there are 29 balls that clear the fence. There an additional 3 (yellow) balls that are borderline. I would estimate at least one of these balls would just clear the wall at Yankee Stadium (Likely the yellow ball in left field)…. For an additional 5 HRs

Based on the analysis, Cal would have an estimated 30 Home Runs at Yankee Stadium, for a total of 56 HRs this Season so far… Or a projected 65 HR for the full season.

Ballpark-Adjusted Power: Raleigh’s nearly 65 HR Trajectory in the Bronx

This analysis not only highlights how dramatically a player’s stats can be shaped by his home park, but also underscores just how extraordinary Cal Raleigh’s 2025 season truly is. Despite calling one of MLB’s most pitcher-friendly parks home, Raleigh leads the league in home runs—a feat made even more remarkable when you consider how many of his warning-track outs in Seattle would be no-doubt blasts in a place like Yankee Stadium. With 18 home runs on the road and just 14 at T-Mobile, Raleigh’s park-adjusted total suggests he’d have 41 long balls through 95 games in the Bronx—putting him on a 65-home-run pace. That’s ahead of Judge’s AL record of 62.

But this isn’t just a fun thought experiment—it’s a powerful reminder of how context defines performance in baseball. Ballparks aren’t just backdrops; they’re active players in the game. In an era obsessed with stats, it's time we fully appreciate how environment, elevation, and architecture shape careers. Cal Raleigh isn’t just having a breakout season—he might be making home run history, and doing it in one of the toughest hitting environments in the league. If he played in the Bronx, we wouldn’t be wondering if he’s underrated—we’d be wondering if anyone could stop him from becoming the new king of the long ball.

If you enjoyed this paper, please subscribe to my newsletter “The Grand Salami Times”

-Adam Jacobson

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